Libotlolo tsa khalase'me linkho ke lijana tse entsoeng ka khalase, hangata li sebelisetsoa ho boloka le ho tsamaisa lintho tse fapaneng. Ho latela tšebeliso le libopeho tsa tsona tse fapaneng, libotlolo le linkho tsa khalase li ka aroloa ka mefuta e 'maloa:
- Libotlolo tse tloaelehileng tsa khalase: mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo oa botlolo ea khalase, hangata e sebelisetsoang ho boloka lijo, lino, lithethefatsi le lintho tse ling.
- Libotlolo tsa khalase tse halefileng: kamora kalafo e khethehileng, matla a tsona lekhanyetso ea tšusumetsoe ka ntlafatsoa, hangata e sebelisoa ho boloka lintho tse senyehang habonolo kapa maemong a nang le kotsi ea khalase e robehileng.
- Libotlolo tsa khalase tsa vacuum: li na lemasale a tiisole disebediswa tse ntshang moya molomong wa botlolo, di ka boloka boemo ba vacuum kahare, hangata bo sebediswang ho boloka dintho tse kotsing ya ho oxidation kapa ho senyeha.
- Libotlolo tsa khalase tse nang le likhetla tse hahiloeng kahare: sekwahelo le 'mele oa botlolo li kopantsoe, hangata li sebelisoa bakeng sa lintho tsa ho paka tse hlokang ho paka ka thata, joalo ka lithethefatsi.
- Libotlolo tsa khalase tse khabisitsoeng: hangata li sebelisetsoa mokhabiso,litokisetso tsa lipalesa, le merero e meng, ka dibopeho le mebala e fapaneng e ka fetolwang kamoo ho hlokahalang.
- Libotlolo tse ling tse khethehileng tsa khalase: tse kang libotlolo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse etsang hore motho a se ke a li sebelisa,libotlolo tsa oli ea bohlokoa, libotlolo tsa monko o monate, jj., tse entsoeng le ho etsoa ho latela litšobotsi le ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse fapaneng.
- Har'a tsona, libotlolo tse tloaelehileng tsa khalase li ka aroloa ka 'mala, joalo ka sootho bakeng sa veine e khubelu, boputsoa bakeng sa biri, botala bo lefifi bakeng sa oli ea mohloaare, jj.
Chaena e ne e se e sebelisitse liphaephe tse fokang ho etsa lijana tsa khalase tse se nang letho nakong ea Tang leMasika a lipina.
Libotlolo tsa khalase li sebelisoa haholo lefapheng la ho paka lino, lino tse tahang, lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale, lithethefatsi, lisebelisoa tsa thuto le litlolo. Ha li bapisoa le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa ho paka, libotlolo tsa khalase li na le melemo e kang ho pepeneneng, ho hloekisoa habonolo, botsitso bo phahameng ba lik'hemik'hale, ho se silafatsoe ke lintho tse ka hare, ho tiea ha moea hantle, ts'ebetso e ntle ea polokelo, libopeho le mekhabiso e fapaneng, le ho sebelisoa hape. Leha ho le joalo, mathata a libotlolo tsa khalase ke ho fokola ha tsona le boima ba tsona bo batlang bo le boima. Leha ho le joalo, ka ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea theknoloji ea tlhahiso, mathata ana a ntse a rarolloa butle-butle.
Tšimoloho ea indasteri ea khalase ea sejoale-joale e ka saloa morao ho tloha pakeng tsa 1904 le 1908. Shanghai Jinghua Glass Factory, e thehiloeng ka 1931, e ne e le fektheri ea pele Chaena e tsoelang pele ho etsa libotlolo tsa khalase le linkho ka ho sebelisa li-oven tsa kamore ea ho hlapela tse nang le mollo o bōpehileng joaloka seeta sa pere le mechini ea ho etsa libotlolo ka boiketsetso. Lilemong tsa bo-1950, Chaena e hahile lifeme tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale tse kholo tsa ho etsa libotlolo. Lilemong tsa bo-1980, ntlafatso e kholo ka ho fetisisa tlhahisong ea libotlolo tsa khalase e ne e le boima bo bobebe ba libotlolo tsa khalase, bo ileng ba boloka thepa e tala, mafura, lebelo le eketsehileng la tlhahiso le litšenyehelo tse fokolang tsa lipalangoang. Lilemong tsa bo-2010, lifeme tsa rona li ne li bokelletse boiphihlelo ba lilemo tse mashome ba tlhahiso, li ntlafalitse le ho ntlafatsa thepa e tala, 'me libotlolo tsa rona tsa khalase li ne li se li se na litšepe tse boima tse kang loto le mercury. Ka ntlafatso ea indasteri eohle,litšobotsi tsa bophelo bo botleea libotlolo tsa khalase le eona e bonahalitsoe, 'me lihlahisoa tsa rona li kene maemong a lihlahisoa tse sa lokolloeng. Ka nako e ts'oanang,fektheri ea ronantlafatsa le ho ntlafatsa ka ho tsoelang pelemokhoa oa thepa e talaea libotlolo tsa khalase ho latela boiphihlelo, e leng se etsang hore libotlolo tsa rona tsa khalase li bonale haholoanyane 'me li se na litšila tse' mala. Kamora ho feta ka har'a conveyor e bolelele ba limithara tse 500 ea ho kenya le ho pholisa, libotlolo tsa khalase lia phola ka tlhaho, li etsa hore li be matla, li tšoarelle, 'me li bolokehe ho feta libotlolo tse tšoanang tsa khalase. Bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa rona, re qalile mokhoa oa ho arola thepa e tala ka lihlopha, e leng se ikhethang indastering. Re sebelisa thepa e tala e fapaneng bakeng sa libotlolo tse fapaneng tsa khalase, tšebeliso e fapaneng, le libopeho tse fapaneng, e leng se etsang hore lihlahisoa tse hanyetsanang le khatello joalo ka libotlolo tsa champagne, libotlolo tsa biri, le libotlolo tsa lino tse tahang li hane khatello haholoanyane, lihlahisoa tsa maemo a holimo joalo ka libotlolo tsa veine le libotlolo tsa monko o monate li bonale haholoanyane ebile li shebahala li le maemong a holimo, likopi tsa metsi le lihlahisoa tse ling li ikamahanya le maemo haholoanyane.liphetoho tse potlakileng tsa mocheso, le linkho tse theko e tlase tsa pickle tse theko e tlaase, tse fokotsang litšenyehelo tsa tšebeliso. Sepheo sa rona ke ho etsa lihlahisoa tse betere ka theko e tlase re sebelisa mekhoa e betere.
Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa libotlolo tsa khalase le linkho se ka fapana ho latela litlhoko tsa tšebeliso,mekhoa ea ho bopa,lebelo la ho bopa,litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso, le mefuta e fapaneng ea thepa e tala. Botlolo le linkho tse ngata li entsoe ka khalase ea soda-lime-silica. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa khalase ea soda-lime-silica ke SiO2, Na2O, le CaO. Ho eketsa tekanyo e loketseng ea Al2O3 le MgO ho ka fokotsa tšekamelo ea khalase ea ho kristaleha, ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale lematla a mechiniea khalase, le ho ntlafatsa ho boptjoa ha khalase. Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa soda-lime le linkho linaheng tse ngata lefatšeng ka bophara ke SiO2 70-74%, CaO le MgO 10-14%, Na2O le K2O 13-16%, le Al2O3 1.5-2.5%. Ha ho etsoa libotlolo le linkho tsa khalase tse se nang 'mala, boleng ba Fe2O3 holehlabathe la quartze tlase haholo (ka kakaretso e ka bang 0.03%). Ho eketsa Cr2O3 le Fe2O3 ho tla etsa hore khalase e tloaelehileng ea soda-lime e bonahale e le tala, ha ho eketsa sulfur-carbon kapa MnO2 le Fe2O3 ho tla etsa hore khalase e bonahale e le sootho. Khalase ea borosilicate hangata e sebelisoa ho etsa libotlolo le linkho tsa meriana ka lebaka la botsitso ba eona bo phahameng ba lik'hemik'hale. Libotlolo tsa litlolo tsa maemo a holimo hangata li etsoa ka khalase ea kristale e nang le loto, barium, kapa zinki, ha tse ling li entsoe ka khalase ea lebese ho sebelisoa fluoride e le lintho tse opacifing.
Nako ea poso: Phuptjane-06-2023